Behcets disease is a rheumatic disease with oral aphthae, genital aphthae, arthritis and vasculitis. Studies about its pathogenesis have increased and is thought to be one of the autoinflammatory diseases in recent years. Autoinflammatory diseases occurs via excess response of innate immune system. In this article pathogenesis and classification of autoinflammatory diseases will be summarized and Behcets disease will be reviewed by autoinflammatory prospects.

Aim: To evaluate the serum levels of anti-carbonic anhydrase I-II antibodies and erythrocyte oxidative stress markers in endometriosis. Method: This case-control laboratory investigation was performed in the obstetrics and gynecology department of a tertiary center. Serum anti-carbonic anhydrase I and II antibodies and erythrocyte oxidative stress markers (superoxide dismutase, malondialdehyde, glutathione peroxidase and catalase) were compared with control group (n = 30) in the endometriosis group (n = 33). Correlation between carbonic anhydrase autoantibodies and oxidative stress markers were tested. Results: Serum levels of anti-carbonic anhydrase II antibodies were found to be significantly increased in the endometriosis group compared to controls. The erythrocyte antioxidant enzyme activities (superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase and catalase) and malondialdehyde levels in erythrocytes were increased in endometriosis group; but only glutathione peroxidase activity and malondialdehyde levels were significantly higher in endometriosis group. No correlation was detected between anti-carbonic anhydrase antibodies and oxidative stress markers. Conclusions: Our results indicate that erythrocyte oxidative stress and anti-carbonic anhydrase antibodies may be involved in the pathophysiology of endometriosis.

Aim: To investigate the therapeutic effects of Saccharomyces boulardii (S. boulardii) and detect blood and tissue penetrations of S. boulardii and Shigella sonnei (S. sonnei) in immunosuppressed rats infected with S. sonnei. Methods: Forty rats were divided into four groups: Group A (immunosuppressed, not-treated); Group B (immunosuppressed, treated with S. boulardii); Group C (immunosuppressed, infected with S. sonnei, treated with S. boulardii); Group D (immunosuppressed, infected with S. sonnei). After taking samples for blood cultures, the rats were sacrificed. The large bowel, liver, spleen and mesenteric lymph nodes (MLN) were removed for microbiological examination. Results: S. boulardii in group B and S. sonnei in group D were isolated from blood in some rats. Statistical analysis of our data, showed that the numbers of translocated colonies in the liver and spleen were relatively higher for S. boulardii in Group B and for S. sonnei in Group D, without reaching levels of statistical significance. For MLN, colony counts in Group B was higher than Group C and A showing statistical significance. Conclusion: The administration of S. boulardii showed promising results for the therapy of S. sonnei infection in immunosuppressed rats, but therapeutic usage of S. boulardii should be carefully assessed by taking into consideration the risk it poses versus potential benefits in risk groups.

Aim: To evaluate the effectiveness of contrast-induced acute kidney injury (CI-AKI) prophylaxis retrospectively, using calcium channel blockers (CCB) before and after contrast exposure and comparing them with patients using angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEI), which has not been explored by many studies. Methods: The study was performed in Afyon Kocatepe University, Faculty of Medicine Research Hospital, Cardiology Department between January 2014 and June 2016. Eighty patients using dihydropyridine (amlodipine 10 mg), non-dihydropyridine (diltiazem 60 mg) CCB or ACEI in the form of monotherapy before coronary angiography were included. Results: In the CCB and ACEI group, CI-AKI development rates were 15.7% (n=8) and 24.1% (n=7), respectively (p = 0.383; Fishers exact test). When the CCB group was evaluated as dihydropyridine and non-dihydropyridine subsets, CI-AKI development rates were found to be similar as well (p = 0.445; Fishers exact test) in each subset. Conclusion: In our study, we evaluated one of todays important dilemma; the methods related to the prophylaxis of CI-AKI. Our study shows that there is no difference in the development of CI-AKI between patients using the calcium channel blocker group drugs and ACEI as monotherapy. However, in our study, the mean age of patients using CCB was significantly higher than the group using ACEI.

Aim: To investigate whether different periods of rapid eye movement sleep deprivation (REM SD) contribute to seizure susceptibility, hippocampal oxidative status and balance of inhibition-excitation in the acute epilepsy model. Methods: REM SD was performed using the modified multiple platforms method on adult male BALB/c mice. Pentylentetrazol (PTZ) was injected to induce seizures and hippocampal total antioxidant status (TAS), total oxidant status (TOS), gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA), and glutamate levels were measured using the ELISA method. Results: PTZ-induced seizures following 8 h and 72 h REM SD significantly reduced the hippocampal TAS levels, but did not affect the TOS levels. In REM SD groups, especially after 8 hours of REM sleep loss, there was a significant increase in glutamate in PTZ induction. The hippocampal GABA levels were increased by PTZ-induced seizures after 72 h REM SD. PTZ- induction after 8 hours of RAM SD leads to a significant increase in the seizure duration. Conclusion: It can be speculated that the REM SD can contribute to seizure susceptibility by changing the oxidant-antioxidant balance and excitatory and inhibitory tone in the hippocampus.

Aim: To evaluate the clinical value of optic nerve sheath thickness (ONST) in stroke patients. Method: The present study was prospectively performed on 386 stroke patients who were admitted to Emergency Department, and 75 healthy volunteers of similar age and gender groups. The following criteria were evaluated for each patient: age, gender, comorbidities, neurological deficit levels [Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS), the National Institute of Health Sciences Scale (NIHSS)], tomography findings (hemorrhagic / ischemic), ONST diameter in ultrasound scan, hospitalization and mortality rates. Results: The median ONST value was 5.5 mm (IQR: 0.30) for the hemorrhagic stroke patients, and 5.25 mm (IQR: 0.20) for the ischemic stroke patients. The median ONST value of the stroke patients was significantly higher. Also, the ONST values of the hemorrhagic stroke patients were found to be significantly higher. In our study, the area below the curve was 0.865. For the 4.5 mm cut-off value, the sensitivity was 96.1% and specificity was 82.7%. Conclusions: The results of our study showed that the ONST increased in the stroke patients and this increase was higher in the hemorrhagic stroke patients. We suggest that the treatment can be considered to decrease intracranial pressure if there is an increase in ONST in stroke patients.

Aim: To examine the effect of foot anthropometric measurements and body sizes of young male adults with normal posture on balance. Methods: In this study, the effect of body size and foot anthropometric measurements of 112 young male adults with normal posture on balance was investigated. The foot and body parameters of the cases were measured. The static and the dynamic balance tests were evaluated according to the dominant foot in each case. The parameters that affected balance were determined and the variables were taken to the model. In addition, the significance levels that defined the effects of the properties examined in relation with the balance were also calculated. Results: When the findings were evaluated, it was determined that the effect of the foot parameters other than the foot length, and the effect of 15 body parameters other than the biiliac diameter, trochanteric height, and right upper extremity length on balance performance was significant. The balance test performance was predicted with success ranging from 7.8% to 43% with the parameters included in the model. Conclusion: In this study, the fact that the relation between the foot anthropometric and body dimensions and functional balance performances of young male adults was found to be significant shows that this relation must be considered in the creation of a normative database on balance, and in clinical studies that will be conducted on the subject.

Aim: To investigate the accuracy of multiparametric prostate magnetic resonance imaging (mpMRI) in determining the diagnosis and treatment options of prostate cancer (PCa), and its pathology correlation. Methods: Between October 2017 and January 2018, 73 patients were subjected to an mpMRI at our clinic. Of these patients, 11 were radical prostatectomy (RP) after treatment, and four were post- radiation therapy (RT) follow-up. The remaining 58 patients were assigned to the PSA elevation and / or positive digital rectal examination (DRE) patient group in this study and their outcomes were evaluated. Results: Of the 58 patients included in the study, 13 were found to have a PI-RADS 5 on mpMRI and in 9 (90%) of 10 patients undergoing simultaneous biopsy, PCa was detected. The biopsy results of all cases evaluated as PI-RADS 1 were benign. All of the patients who were ISUP 3 and above had a PI-RADS 5. Patients with a PI-RADS score of 4 and above being ISUP 2 and above was statistically significant (p=0.011). A case had undergone a previous radical prostatectomy assessment revealed that tPSA increased to 2 ng/ml during the follow-up, and so RT was added to the treatment; although LAP was identified in the left iliac region on an mpMRI performed upon the continued increase of tPSA. During the follow-ups of the patient who had regional RT, the tPSA dropped below 0.01 ng/ml. Conclusion: The results of our study show that mpMRI can gain a new and important place in urology due to the guidance it provides in biopsies, facilitating targeted biopsy, its effectiveness in determining treatment modalities and its importance in post-PCa treatment follow-ups. Keywords: Multiparametric prostate magnetic resonance imaging, mpMRI, prostate cancer, PIRAD.

Aim: To evaluate the effect of air pollution parameters and meteorological factors on the prognosis of idiopathic sudden sensorineural hearing loss (ISSNHL). Methods: 40 patients diagnosed with ISSNHL who were treated in our clinic between 2015 and 2018 were examined retrospectively. Meteorological data including average temperature (Tmean), maximum and minimum temperature (Tmax and Tmin), relative humidity, and air pollution parameters including sulfur dioxide (SO2) and particulate matter (PM 10). Data of 10 days prior to the disease and 14 days after the treatment were analyzed. Results: When the distribution of patients according to the seasons were examined, it was found that 12 (30%) of the patients were seen in autumn, 11 (27.5%) in spring, 9 (22.5%) in winter, and 8 (20%) in summer. When the Tmax, Tmin, Tmean values obtained as of the initiation of the treatment were compared, it was found that the values of the group without recovery were significantly lower. Relative humidity values were significantly lower in the group without recovery in pre-treatment and post-treatment measurements. No significant difference was found between the recovery groups in SO2 and PM10 values in pre-treatment and post-treatment measurements. Conclusion: It was observed that relative humidity, Tmax, Tmin, Tmean values may affect prognosis in ISSNHL patients in our study. In addition, SO2 and PM10 were not associated with ISSNHL recovery rates. Our study is the first in the literature in terms of evaluating the relationship between air pollution parameters and ISSNHL prognosis.